Wajah atau muka adalah bagian depan dari kepala, pada manusia meliputi wilayah dari dahi hingga dagu, termasuk rambut, dahi, alis, mata, hidung, pipi, mulut, bibir, gigi, kulit, dan dagu. Wajah terutama digunakan untuk ekspresi wajah, penampilan, serta identitas. Tidak ada satu wajahpun yang serupa mutlak, bahkan pada manusia kembar.
Kulit adalah lapisan terluar pada tubuh manusia. Kulit dibagi menjadi 3 bagian: bagian terluar disebut epidermis, bagian tengah mesodermis, dan bagian dalam dermis. Kulit sangat sensitif terhadap pengaruh lingkungan sekitar, seperti panas matahari, debu, dan asap knalpot.
Transplantasi wajah adalah suatu proses tranplantasi kulit untuk menggantikan kulit wajah pasien dengan kulit donor atau kulit pasien itu sendiri. Transplantasi wajah ditujukan bagi mereka yang mengalami kerusakan kulit wajah dikarenakan kebakaran, penyakit, trauma atau cacat lahir. Transplantasi wajah pertama kali di dunia dilakukan pada 1994 terhadap Sandeep Kaur, seorang anak yang berusia sembilan tahun yang wajahnya rusak karena rambutnya terhisap ke dalam mesin pemisah rumput. Dokter yang melakukan transplantasi terhadap Sandeep Kaur adalah Abraham Thomas, salah satu dokter bedah terkenal India.
Freckle adalah bintik-bintik kecil melanin di kulit atau membran orang yang berkulit putih, atau kadang juga orang berkulit hitam dari Afrika. Freckle diturunkan secara genetis dan berhubungan dengan keberadaan varian gen melanocortin-1 receptor MC1R, yang bersifat dominan. Selain itu freckle juga dapat disebabkan oleh sinar matahari. Freckle biasanya ditemukan di wajah, namun juga di berbagai tempat di kulit yang terkenal sinar matahari. Freckle sering ditemukan pada anak-anak sebelum masa pubertas.
Penggunaan Laser merupakan cara lain untuk perawatan wajah. Perawatan laser dapat menghilangkan kerutan secara lebih baik dibandingkan dengan beberapa prosedur yang lebih baru.
Berdasarkan laporan Dr. Daniel Ward dan De. Shan Baker dari University of Michigan, pelapisan kembali dengan laser Karbondioksida (Carbon dioxide laser resurfacing) terbukti sangat efektif dan hampir semuanya berhasil dengan baik untuk menghilangkan kerutan di wajah, walaupun tetap ada beberapa efek samping, diantaranya adalah perubahan warna kulit, dimana warna kulit akan menjadi lebih tua atau lebih muda dari sebelumnya.
“Penggunaan laser dapat memberikan perawatan dengan ketelitian yang tinggi, dan memudahkan dokter operasi dalam kontrol terhadap proses pelapisan kembali secara lebih baik dibandingkan dengan beberapa teknik lain seperti pengelupasan kulit dengan kimia dan dermabrasi,” tulis mereka dalam Jurnal Archives of Facial Plastic Surgery.
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Rabu, 05 November 2008
It's farewell to our great friend Bush
In his America, allegedly awash with racism, militarism and bitter religion, the white war hero with the evangelical running mate got creamed and the black man of letters got the presidency.
The greatest immediate international consequence of Barack Obama's election as president must be a reconsideration of the reflex anti-Americanism that forms the staple diet of intellectual life in many opinion-making corners of the world.
This should be an important change in global politics and it offers an Obama administration a unique moment of opportunity.
With a clear mandate of his own, a President Obama will also have fellow Democrats in control of Congress. This could be triumph, or tragedy, for the Democrats and for the US.
Controlling the executive and both legislative chambers can be politically dangerous -- just ask John Howard.
It has most often been this way in US history -- presidents get into trouble when their notional friends control the Congress.
There will be no political check or balance on the Democrats, no obdurate blocking opposition to stymie pet spending plans.
And there will be no one to share any of the blame when things go wrong, and expectations are not fulfilled.
Obama's first order of business will be confronting the global financial crisis. With a sympathetic legislature at his side, he has every tool an American president can have to deal with it.
For Australia, Obama is a very mixed bag.
Despite a couple of years in Indonesia as a kid, Obama has little knowledge of, or interest, in Asia. The Republicans are the party of the Pacific, the Democrats are the party of the Atlantic.
And as a nation we are just about to lose the best friend we ever had in the White House.
The world may hate George W. Bush, but by God he was a good friend to Australia. He did almost every single thing any Australian government ever asked of him, even up to calling for next week a summit of the G20, which includes Australia, to address the global financial crisis, at the urging of Kevin Rudd.
Don't expect Obama to be anywhere near as mindful of Australia or any of our concerns.
His Foreign Affairs article on his proposed foreign policy didn't mention Australia.
John McCain's did, more than once.
Canberra will need to earn whatever attention it gets in Washington under Obama. The new president will be the first post-Cold War leader. He has none of the mindset of the Cold War, with its emphasis on the Pacific alliance structure, and Australia's long history of military and political intimacy with the US.
We can expect Rudd will be his usual hyperactive self on the Australia-US relationship. And he will need to be.
The biggest, obvious danger of the Democrats' Washington hegemony would be a new burst of US protectionism.
Obama's positions on trade have been so contradictory and various that it's impossible to know which way he'll go. During the primaries he wanted to renegotiate America's free trade deals. During the election proper he was softer on this and said he was a free trader. But some influential Democrats have argued for a 25per cent tariff on Chinese exports and Obama has so far no record at all of opposing his party's more foolish positions.
Indeed, occasionally Obama himself has talked of imposing tariffs on China to coerce it into revaluing its currency.
Probably, cool good sense will prevail on this, as the US bureaucracy will advise a new Obama administration heavily against such moves.
And the most reassuring trait of Obama is his caution and opportunism.
But Obama's verbally excessive running mate, Joe Biden, got one thing right in one of his many off-message moments during the campaign. America's enemies will surely test a new Obama administration.
It will be in Australia's interests for Obama to pass the tests, whatever they might be, and for Australian voices to be heard in the Oval Office when the desperate hours come.
THE AUSTRALIAN POST
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The greatest immediate international consequence of Barack Obama's election as president must be a reconsideration of the reflex anti-Americanism that forms the staple diet of intellectual life in many opinion-making corners of the world.
This should be an important change in global politics and it offers an Obama administration a unique moment of opportunity.
With a clear mandate of his own, a President Obama will also have fellow Democrats in control of Congress. This could be triumph, or tragedy, for the Democrats and for the US.
Controlling the executive and both legislative chambers can be politically dangerous -- just ask John Howard.
It has most often been this way in US history -- presidents get into trouble when their notional friends control the Congress.
There will be no political check or balance on the Democrats, no obdurate blocking opposition to stymie pet spending plans.
And there will be no one to share any of the blame when things go wrong, and expectations are not fulfilled.
Obama's first order of business will be confronting the global financial crisis. With a sympathetic legislature at his side, he has every tool an American president can have to deal with it.
For Australia, Obama is a very mixed bag.
Despite a couple of years in Indonesia as a kid, Obama has little knowledge of, or interest, in Asia. The Republicans are the party of the Pacific, the Democrats are the party of the Atlantic.
And as a nation we are just about to lose the best friend we ever had in the White House.
The world may hate George W. Bush, but by God he was a good friend to Australia. He did almost every single thing any Australian government ever asked of him, even up to calling for next week a summit of the G20, which includes Australia, to address the global financial crisis, at the urging of Kevin Rudd.
Don't expect Obama to be anywhere near as mindful of Australia or any of our concerns.
His Foreign Affairs article on his proposed foreign policy didn't mention Australia.
John McCain's did, more than once.
Canberra will need to earn whatever attention it gets in Washington under Obama. The new president will be the first post-Cold War leader. He has none of the mindset of the Cold War, with its emphasis on the Pacific alliance structure, and Australia's long history of military and political intimacy with the US.
We can expect Rudd will be his usual hyperactive self on the Australia-US relationship. And he will need to be.
The biggest, obvious danger of the Democrats' Washington hegemony would be a new burst of US protectionism.
Obama's positions on trade have been so contradictory and various that it's impossible to know which way he'll go. During the primaries he wanted to renegotiate America's free trade deals. During the election proper he was softer on this and said he was a free trader. But some influential Democrats have argued for a 25per cent tariff on Chinese exports and Obama has so far no record at all of opposing his party's more foolish positions.
Indeed, occasionally Obama himself has talked of imposing tariffs on China to coerce it into revaluing its currency.
Probably, cool good sense will prevail on this, as the US bureaucracy will advise a new Obama administration heavily against such moves.
And the most reassuring trait of Obama is his caution and opportunism.
But Obama's verbally excessive running mate, Joe Biden, got one thing right in one of his many off-message moments during the campaign. America's enemies will surely test a new Obama administration.
It will be in Australia's interests for Obama to pass the tests, whatever they might be, and for Australian voices to be heard in the Oval Office when the desperate hours come.
THE AUSTRALIAN POST
Read More......
Kulit berminyak....dah lupa tuh...!
Kulit berminyak, sering menjadi masalah bagi jutaan orang. Sekalipun, ada begitu banyak perawatan yang dapat dilakukan, tapi kondisi semacam ini mungkin akan terus berulang-ulang. Kulit berminyak, dapat membuat wajah menjadi mengkilat dan kusam. Jika keadaan semacam ini terus berlangsung, maka pori-pori di kulit wajah Anda dapat tertutup oleh minyak yang berlebihan, dan bisa menimbulkan masalah jerawat.
Ada begitu banyak perawatan, yang bisa anda lakukan untuk mengurangi keluarnya minyak secara berlebihan, dengan bahan kimia atau sabun yang keras. Akan tetapi, jika ini berlangsung secara berlebihan dan terlalu banyak, akan dapat mengurangi minyak pada titik-titik tertentu, itu justru akan membuat kulit anda menjadi kering.
Untuk merawat kulit berminyak, dengan cara yang benar merupakan proses yang sulit. Karena, membutuhkan keseimbangan antara mengurangi keluarnya minyak, tanpa harus membuat kulit jadi kering.
Cara Perawatannya :
-Lebih baik, hindari sabun yang mengandung alkohol dan memilih yang berbahan dasar alamiah. Seperti, minyak zaitun, almond atau alpukat. Semua itu, memiliki fungsi resapan yang dapat membantu pergantian kulit dan menjaga kelembaban.
-Basuhlah wajah dengan air hangat, bukan air panas. Air panas mempermudah sabun menghilangkan minyak dan kotoran dari wajah, juga mempercepat keseluruhan proses, namun itu juga menyebabkan kulit jadi kering dan bersisik.
-Jangan juga terlalu sering mencuci wajah. Sangat penting diperhatikan, agar tidak menggosok wajah secara berlebihan, hal itu dapat menyebabkan minyak hilang secara berlebihan. Gerakan lembut dan perlahan saat membersihkan wajah, cukup untuk mengurangi masalah kulit berminyak.
- Menggunakan pelembab memang penting, tapi harus sesuai dengan tipe kulit wajah anda. Karena pelembab yang tidak sesuai, bisa menyebabkan alergi, dehidrasi dan bahkan jerawat. Oleh sebab itu, gunakan pelembab yang alami, yang dapat melindungi, melembabkan dan membantu kulit tetap sehat, tanpa memberi efek samping.
Read More......
Ada begitu banyak perawatan, yang bisa anda lakukan untuk mengurangi keluarnya minyak secara berlebihan, dengan bahan kimia atau sabun yang keras. Akan tetapi, jika ini berlangsung secara berlebihan dan terlalu banyak, akan dapat mengurangi minyak pada titik-titik tertentu, itu justru akan membuat kulit anda menjadi kering.
Untuk merawat kulit berminyak, dengan cara yang benar merupakan proses yang sulit. Karena, membutuhkan keseimbangan antara mengurangi keluarnya minyak, tanpa harus membuat kulit jadi kering.
Cara Perawatannya :
-Lebih baik, hindari sabun yang mengandung alkohol dan memilih yang berbahan dasar alamiah. Seperti, minyak zaitun, almond atau alpukat. Semua itu, memiliki fungsi resapan yang dapat membantu pergantian kulit dan menjaga kelembaban.
-Basuhlah wajah dengan air hangat, bukan air panas. Air panas mempermudah sabun menghilangkan minyak dan kotoran dari wajah, juga mempercepat keseluruhan proses, namun itu juga menyebabkan kulit jadi kering dan bersisik.
-Jangan juga terlalu sering mencuci wajah. Sangat penting diperhatikan, agar tidak menggosok wajah secara berlebihan, hal itu dapat menyebabkan minyak hilang secara berlebihan. Gerakan lembut dan perlahan saat membersihkan wajah, cukup untuk mengurangi masalah kulit berminyak.
- Menggunakan pelembab memang penting, tapi harus sesuai dengan tipe kulit wajah anda. Karena pelembab yang tidak sesuai, bisa menyebabkan alergi, dehidrasi dan bahkan jerawat. Oleh sebab itu, gunakan pelembab yang alami, yang dapat melindungi, melembabkan dan membantu kulit tetap sehat, tanpa memberi efek samping.
Read More......
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